Under equal protection, what is the standard for classifications based on race?

Under equal protection, what is the standard for classifications based on race?

• A. Strict scrutiny requiring compelling interest and narrowly tailored means.
• B. Rational basis with any plausible reason.
• C. Intermediate scrutiny requiring substantial relation to important objective.
• D. Heightened scrutiny with important government objective and approximate relationship.

Answer: (A)

Race-based classifications are reviewed under strict scrutiny. That means the government must show a compelling interest behind the policy and that the means chosen are narrowly tailored to achieve that interest, using the least restrictive means available. The burden is on the government, and the measure must target the objective precisely without relying on broad or arbitrary discrimination. Courts look closely to ensure there are no less discriminatory ways to achieve the objective. In practice, cases like Bakke and Grutter illustrate the need for a compelling interest (such as diversity) and careful tailoring, while Croson shows that vague or quotas fail strict scrutiny. Because these standards apply with the most demanding form of review, race-based classifications cannot survive unless they meet strict scrutiny. Other standards, like rational basis or intermediate scrutiny, do not apply to race classifications.

Race-based classifications are reviewed under strict scrutiny. That means the government must show a compelling interest behind the policy and that the means chosen are narrowly tailored to achieve that interest, using the least restrictive means available. The burden is on the government, and the measure must target the objective precisely without relying on broad or arbitrary discrimination. Courts look closely to ensure there are no less discriminatory ways to achieve the objective. In practice, cases like Bakke and Grutter illustrate the need for a compelling interest (such as diversity) and careful tailoring, while Croson shows that vague or quotas fail strict scrutiny. Because these standards apply with the most demanding form of review, race-based classifications cannot survive unless they meet strict scrutiny. Other standards, like rational basis or intermediate scrutiny, do not apply to race classifications.